Treponema

Treponema
	Treponema pallidum spirochaetes
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetota
Class:	Spirochaetia
Order:	Spirochaetales
Family:	Treponemataceae
Genus:	Treponema; Schaudinn 1905 emend. Abt, Göker & Klenk 2013
Type species
	Treponema pallidum; (Schaudinn & Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	"Spironema" Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Leger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864; "Microspironema" Stiles & Pfender 1905;

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta.^[2] Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits.^[3] Treponema succinifaciens has been found in the gut microbiome of traditional rural human populations.^[4]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)^[5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[1]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024^[6]^[7]^[8]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220^[9]^[10]^[11]

Treponemataceae

	Gracilinema caldarium (Pohlschröder, Leschine & Canale-Parola 1995) Brune et al. 2022

	Zuelzera stenostrepta (Zuelzer 1912) Brune et al. 2022

Breznakiella homolactica Song et al. 2022

Treponema primitia Graber, Leadbetter & Breznak 2004

	Helmutkoenigia isoptericolens (Dröge et al. 2008) Brune et al. 2022

	Leadbettera azotonutricia (Graber et al. 2004) Brune et al. 2022

	Brucepastera parasyntrophica Song et al. 2023

	Teretinema zuelzerae (Canale-Parola 1980) Song et al. 2023

Treponema

T. medium Umemoto et al. 1997

T. phagedenis (Noguchi 1912) Brumpt 1922 ex Kuhnert et al. 2020

T. pedis Evans et al. 2009

	T. denticola (Flügge 1886) Brumpt 1925 ex Chan et al. 1993

	T. putidum Wyss et al. 2004

s.s.

Treponema

T. brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999

	T. lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999

	T. maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996

	T. ruminis Newbrook et al. 2017

	T. saccharophilum Paster & Canale-Parola 1986

T. rectale Staton et al. 2017

	T. peruense Belkhou et al. 2021

	T. succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981

	T. berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005

	T. pectinovorum Smibert & Burmeister 1983

	T. bryantii Stanton & Canale-Parola 1980

	T. porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005

T. amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997

T. parvum Wyss et al. 2001 non Dobell 1912

T. socranskii

T. s. paredis Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

	T. s. buccale Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

	T. s. socranskii Smibert, Johnson & Ranney 1984

species‑group 2

Breznakiellaceae

Gracilinema caldarium

Breznakiella homolactica

	Leadbettera azotonutricia

	Treponema primitia

Treponemataceae

	Brucepastera parasyntrophica

	Teretinema zuelzerae

"Ca. Avitreponema avistercoris" Gilroy et al. 2021

Treponema

T. pedis

	T. denticola

	T. putidum

	T. medium

	"T. vincentii" (Blanchard 1906) Brumpt 1922 ex Smibert 1984

	T. pallidum (Schaudinn & Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905 [incl. Treponema paraluiscuniculi (Jacobsthal 1920) Smibert 1974]

	T. phagedenis

s.s.

"Ca. Gallitreponema excrementavium" Gilroy et al. 2021

Treponema

"Ca. Treponema faecavium" Gilroy et al. 2021

	Treponema brennaborense

	"Ca. Treponema excrementipullorum" Gilroy et al. 2021

	Treponema lecithinolyticum

	Treponema maltophilum

Treponema parvum

	Treponema bryantii

	Treponema porcinum

Treponema socranskii

	Treponema socranskii buccale

	Treponema socranskii paredis

Treponema rectale

	Treponema peruense

	T. succinifaciens

	Treponema berlinense

	Treponema pectinovorum

Treponema ruminis

	Treponema saccharophilum

	"Treponema zioleckii" Piknova et al. 2008

species‑group 2

s.s.

Unassigned Treponema species:

"Ca. T. caballi" Gilroy et al. 2022
T. calligyrum Noguchi 1913
T. carateum Brumpt 1939 (pinta-causing Treponema)
"Ca. T. equi" Gilroy et al. 2022 non (Novy & Napp 1906) Noguchi 1928
"Ca. T. equifaecale" Gilroy et al. 2022
"Ca. T. intracellulare" Ohkuma et al. 2015 corrig. Oren et al. 2020
"T. legeri" (Duboscq & Lebailly 1912) Zuelzer 1925
"T. macrodentium" Noguchi 1912
"Ca. T. merdequi" Gilroy et al. 2022
T. paraluisleporis Lumeij et al. 1994
T. pertenue (Castellani 1905) Castellani & Chalmers 1910
T. refringens (Schaudinn and Hofmann 1905) Castellani and Chalmers
"Ca. T. scatequi" Gilroy et al. 2022
"T. scoliodonta" (Hoffmann 1920) Noguchi 1928 ex Smibert 1984
"T. stenella" Balik et al. 2023
"Ca. T. suis" Molbak et al. 2006 non Kujumgiev & Spassova 1967
"Ca. T. teratonymphae" Noda et al. 2018
"T. trimerodonta" (Hoffmann 1920) Prévot 1940

The species Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens have been reclassified into Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira innocens.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.
^ Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302.
^ Angelakis E, Bachar D, Yasir M, Musso D, Djossou F, Gaborit B, et al. (January 2019). "Treponema species enrich the gut microbiota of traditional rural populations but are absent from urban individuals". New Microbes and New Infections. 27: 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.10.009. PMC 6276622. PMID 30555706. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101401, PMID 38799921, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)
^ J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^ "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
^ Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.

[NCBI-1] Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-03-20.

[pmid11825779-2] Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.

[pmid18554302-3] Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302.

[pmid30555706-4] Angelakis E, Bachar D, Yasir M, Musso D, Djossou F, Gaborit B, et al. (January 2019). "Treponema species enrich the gut microbiota of traditional rural populations but are absent from urban individuals". New Microbes and New Infections. 27: 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2018.10.009. PMC 6276622. PMID 30555706. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101401, PMID 38799921, Retraction Watch. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{expression of concern|...}} with {{expression of concern|...|intentional=yes}}.)

[5] J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-03-20.

[6] "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.

[7] "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.

[8] "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.

[about-9] "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

[tree-10] "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

[taxon_history-11] "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.

[pmid1704792-12] Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.

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Phylogeny

See also

References